'Trayvon Martin could have been me' - Barack Obama

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-23382880
BBCからです。オバマ大統領がここまで人種について個人的な気持ちを発言したのは今までなかったような気がします。この射殺された少年はホリスターのシャツを着ていましたね。私も以前娘が欲しがっていたので買ってやりましたよ。顔で判断するわけではありませんが、この少年にぐれた雰囲気はありませんね。普通の子です。むしろこの自警団のジマーマンという男のほうが、ちょっと雰囲気おかしいですね。夜コンビニで買い物をして歩いていたら、自称自警団の男に後をつけられ、言いがかりを付けられ...しかもそれが自分よりかなり問題のありそうなやつで。私でもかっときます。だいたい自警団なんて集団、ちょっと歴史の勉強をしていたらどんな連中の集まりか容易に分かります。

'Trayvon Martin could have been me' - Barack Obama
20 July 2013 Last updated at 01:43 GMT

President Barack Obama has said that "Trayvon Martin could have been me, 35 years ago1", in his first comments on the case since last week's verdict.

The unarmed black 17-year-old was shot and killed in Florida in February 2012.

George Zimmerman, 29, said he opened fire on the teenager in self-defence and was acquitted of murder by a Florida court last week.

In an unexpected press call, Mr Obama said very few black men in the US had not experienced racial profiling2.

Mr Obama said the pain that3 African-Americans felt around the case came from the fact that3 they viewed it through "a set of experiences and a history that3 doesn't go away".

He said African Americans were also keenly aware of racial disparities in the application of criminal laws.

"That all contributes to a sense that if a white male teen was involved in the same kind of scenario, both the outcome and the aftermath might have been different," Mr Obama said.

"When Trayvon Martin was first shot, I said that this could have been my son. Another way of saying that3 is Trayvon Martin could have been me, 35 years ago."

He shared his experiences of being racially profiled in the past, such as being followed while out shopping.

"There are very few African-American men who haven't had the experience of walking across the street and hearing the locks click on the doors of cars.

"There are very few African-Americans who haven't had the experience of getting on an elevator and a woman clutching her purse nervously and holding her breath until she has a chance to get off," he said.

Mr Obama also hailed the "incredible grace and dignity" of Trayvon Martin's parents - Tracy Martin and Sybrina Fulton - in the way they reacted to the verdict.

Calling for "soul-searching" from Americans on issues of race, he also sounded a hopeful note, saying that race relations were improving with each generation.

中略

Trayvon Martin was shot dead by Mr Zimmerman, a neighbourhood watchman, after an altercation in a gated community in Sanford, Florida.

Florida police did not arrest Mr Zimmerman for six weeks after the shooting, provoking mass rallies throughout the US.

  1. この文は仮定法過去完了です。日本人にとっては概念的に少し理解しづらいものです。仮定法は全部で4種類あります。まずはその名前と役割を箇条書きにしておきます。
    ● 「仮定法過去」: 現在の事実とは逆の事柄(願望)をあらわす。
    ● 「仮定法過去完了」: 過去の事実とは逆の事柄(願望)をあらわす。
    ● 「仮定法未来」: 現在や未来のありえない事柄をあらわす。
    ● 「仮定法現在」: 用法は慣用的。(「要求」系の動詞・形容詞につながるthat節の中で動詞の原形を使う。)
    仮定法と聞くとIf節で始まる文を連想するかもしれませんが、実際の仮定法と呼べる部分は主節の中のwould, could, should, mightの助動詞部分なのです。その部分が「~である(あった)だろうに」という意味を表すのが仮定法なのです。
  2. このfewは「ほとんど~ない」という否定語です。ということは「ほとんどいないアメリカの黒人男性は~を経験していない」という直訳すると非常に分かりづらいものになってしまいます。こういう場合は文の主語等にこだわらず、まずは一般的な日本語解釈で理解できる形にしてしまいましょう。「人種的選別を経験していないアメリカの黒人男性はほとんどいない」あるいは二重否定ですから肯定です。「ほとんど全部のアメリカの黒人男性は人種的選別を経験している」
  3. thatは文法的にたくさんの役割があります。単なる「代名詞」あるいは「接続詞(that節)」、「接続詞(同格のthat)」、「関係代名詞」、「関係副詞」。毎回このthatが文法的に何なのかを分かっている事が大切です。TOEIC700までならなんとかなるかもしれませんが、800点以上になるためには文法の完全クリアは不可欠です。この場合は順に「関係代名詞」、「同格that」、「関係代名詞」、「代名詞」となります。

verdict 判決
acquit 無罪であることを言い渡す
racial profiling 人種的選別
disparity 格差
application 適用、申請
contribute to ~の一因となる
scenario 筋、脚本
outcome 結果
aftermath 余波
hail 歓迎する、受け入れる
grace 寛大さ
dignity 威厳
soul-searching 自己分析
neighborhood watch group 自警団
altercation 口論
provoke 挑発する
rally 集会


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Detroit Files For Bankruptcy

http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/07/18/203374030/detroit-files-for-bankruptcy
nprからです。アメリカのデトロイト市が破産申請をしたようです。アメリカやカナダでは、かつて栄華を誇った地方都市が今やすたれて町の中心(ダウンタウン)も廃墟同然、うろついているのはホームレスばかり...そんな光景が少なくないようです。郊外に行くとモールがあちこちにあります。でもモールというのは大型チェーン店の集合ですから町が潤うのとはちょっと違うのかもしれません。。。私は正直言って、経済トピックが苦手です。今までしっかりと経済学のようなものを習った経験がないからです 🙁 。仮に日本語だとしても専門用語は疎いです。日本語を読んで分からないものが、英語で分かるはずがありません。英文読解では広い範囲の知識は不可欠です。個人の得意分野、不得意分野はあると思いますが、なるべく広い範囲の知識を身に付けましょう。

Detroit Files For Bankruptcy
by SCOTT NEUMAN July 18, 2013 4:45 PM

The city of Detroit has filed the largest municipal bankruptcy in U.S. history, seeking Chapter 9* protection from creditors and unions owed some $18.5 billion1 in debt and liabilities.

In a news conference on Thursday, Detroit Mayor Dave Bing said he didn't want to go into bankruptcy, but the city will now "have to make the best of it."

The city's state-appointed emergency financial manager, Kevyn Orr, said the move was a 'step toward restoring the city.'

The 16-page petition was filed in U.S. Bankruptcy Court in Detroit Thursday afternoon, beginning a 30- to 90-day evaluation period to determine whether the city is eligible for Chapter 9.

In a letter to Orr, Gov. Rick Snyder approved the move, saying: "Only one feasible path offers a way out."

The Associated Press says that "if approved, the filing would allow Orr to liquidate city assets to satisfy a host of creditors and city pensioners lined up to recoup losses from bad bond investments and unpaid contracts."

The Wall Street Journal reports that the city's strategy, unveiled last month, is "to pay off the majority of what secured creditors such as certain bondholders are owed while offering pennies on the dollar to unsecured bondholders, unions and pension funds."2

Detroit lost some 250,0001 in the decade from 2000 to 2010, with much of the middle class and many businesses fleeing to the suburbs3, destroying the city's once large tax base.

Quinn Klinefelter of member station WDET in Detroit, says the move is "not a surprisingly development, but [it] ... makes some people in the city catch their breath."

Hardest hit, he says, will be anyone who was expecting a pension from the city — police, firefighters, city workers, "people who have their future staked on the fact that they did their 20 or 30 years and were going to get x amount in benefits when they got out. .... That is just not going to be there. The city can't afford it."

Reuters reports:

"A judge in Ingham County, where the state capital Lansing is located, has scheduled a hearing Monday on a proposed injunction that would prevent Orr from a bankruptcy filing.
"City retirees and workers made arguments in the two lawsuits that Orr's plan to injunction vested pensions for city retirees would violate strong protections in the Michigan constitution for retirement benefits of public-sector workers.
"The pension funds' lawsuit makes similar claims. It also was filed in Ingham County Circuit Court, by the city's two funds — the General Retirement System and the Police and Fire Retirement System."

Mike Lafaive of the Mackinac Center for Public Policy in Midland, Mich., tells NPR that the city had no other choice. "They are facing a financial situation that has been brewing for decades," he says.

"It's municipal bankruptcy territory that is largely uncharted," he says. "We haven't seen the type of numbers we're looking at in Detroit or anywhere else."

それでは英文の注意点を見ていきましょう。水色のマーカーに数字が附ってある部分がポイントです。下線付きの単語は下に意味を書いておきました。

  1. このsomeは「約」と訳します。「約」はabout = around = approximately = roughly = someなどがあります。ちなみにこれらはこれらは皆、形容詞でなく副詞です。数詞は形容詞の仲間だからです。
  2. The Wall Street Journal reports that the city's strategy, unveiled last month, is "to pay off the majority of what secured creditors such as certain bondholders are owed while offering pennies on the dollar to unsecured bondholders, unions and pension funds."
    この文の全訳ができるでしょうか?
    まず、メインの主語、動詞は"The Wall Street Journal”と”reports"です。そしてthat節の主語の後にいきなり", unveiled last month,"「先月明らかにした」という挿入句が入ります。その後"is "to pay off...""と続きますが、まずはbe toにより未来を表して、to以下からはクオーテーションマークがついていますが、それは「明らかにした」内容だからです。"majority of what"のwhatは先行詞を含む関係代名詞です。それがowedまで続きます。多分この辺りが一番訳しづらい部分だと思います。このwhatは実際はare owedの目的語です。英語の知識がある人はここで疑問が生じるでしょう。are owedは受け身の形なのだから、目的語は取らないだろうと。そうです。SVOの受け身は、例えば"It is used."で文が終了します。でももとがSVOOの場合は受身形の後ろに目的が一つ残るのです。例えば"The book was given me."のように。owe「~に~支払い義務がある、~に~を借りている」が二重目的語を取るときは「owe+人+物」となります。したがって受け身になる前は"it(町) owes secured creditors such as certain bondholders what"なはずです。これが受け身形になって、さらに関係代名詞whatが文頭に出る。しかも"the majority of"「~の大部分」という言葉が前に付いたのです。したがって訳は、
    「ウオール・ストリート・ジャーナルは以下のようにレポートしている。先月明らかにされた町の対策は、公債保持者のような(町によって)支払われなければならない債務者には、債務の大部分は完済される予定だ。一方、無保証の公債保持者や年金基金、労働組合にはわずかなドルを提供するだけだ。」となるはずです。
    英語ってこういうものです。単語力、文法力、慣れを含めた読解力、英語以外の知識、それらが総合的に必要となります。長くなってしまったのでついでに言いますが、単に受験勉強の一科目だからといって英語を片手間に勉強して、こういう文が理解できるようになると思いますか?理解と言うのは聞いて瞬時、読んで瞬時の話です。...英語は言語ですよ。
  3. この部分は一般的には「withの付帯状況」と言われる形です。訳し方は「~しながら」でいいでしょう。しかし、この事も知っていて下さい。withの付帯状況とは名目上の名で、実は形は「独立分詞構文」なのです。独立分詞構文とは分詞構文の前に主語役を置いたものです。これを説明するには分詞構文から説明し直さなければならないので、今回は端折ります。ただし独立分詞構文とは今も言ったように主語役が必要なのです。よって"I ate my supper with watching TV."などと書いてもwithの付帯状況にはなりません。"I ate my supper with my children watching TV."なら成り立ちます。

file 提出する、申し立てる
municipal 地方自治の
bankruptcy 破産
creditor 債権者
news conference 記者会見
make the best of 精一杯やりくりする
state-appointed 国選の
move 処置
petition 請願
evaluation 評価、見積もり
be eligible for ~にふさわしい
Gov. 州知事(governor)
feasible 実現可能な
liquidate 清算する
pensioners 年金受給者
recoup 取り戻す
bond 担保、公債
strategy 戦略
pay off 清算する、解雇する
bondholder 公債保有者
pennies on the dollar ずっと安い値段
catch their breath 一息つく
staked 利害関係がある
injunction 禁止命令
vested 既得の
brew 醸造する
territory 領域
uncharted 地図に載ってない、未知の

*Chapter 9: A bankruptcy proceeding that provides financially distressed municipalities with protection from creditors by creating a plan between the municipality and its creditors to resolve the outstanding debt. Municipalities include cities, counties, townships and school districts.


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Abe's Marine Day message: Japan must defend its maritime interests

http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/politics/AJ201307130035
AJW.comからです。今日は海の日です。海の日の数日前、歴代の総理大臣はメッセージ出すのが恒例なようです。
国家という概念の上に乗り、要するに国という神輿の上に乗り音頭を執ることで収入を得てきた人たちにとって国家概念は本当に大切なのですね。前回、石原慎太郎都知事の発言で日本企業が中国との関係でどれだけ損失を被ったか、すなわちあの発言がどれだけ国益を損ねたか...。ということは彼ら政治家のとって本当の国益とは実は二の次で、大切なのは自分の影響、コントロールがいかに及ぼせるか、その土台としての国家概念なのです。例えば、安部総理は海の日にこういう事について言及しよう...とは頭の片隅にもないのでしょうか?

Abe's Marine Day message: Japan must defend its maritime interests
July 13, 2013

Prime Minister Shinzo Abe stressed the need for Japan to defend1 its maritime interests on July 12, following Chinese activity around the disputed Senkaku Islands and a gas field in the East China Sea.

“The security environment has become increasingly severe, including2 through provocations surrounding our territorial waters,” Abe said in a statement released ahead of Marine Day on July 15, a national holiday.

Although the statement did not mention China by name, it was clear that Abe was pointing to the Chinese government vessels that have repeatedly encroached upon Japanese waters around the Senkaku Islands.

Beijing has also made moves to develop a gas field near the Japan-China median line in the East China Sea. Abe has called this a violation of a 2008 Japan-China agreement.

“Japan is determined to ... defend our maritime interests ... while also upholding2 the order of free and open seas on the basis of the rule of law, opposing2 changes to the status quo predicated by force," Abe said in the statement.

Successive prime ministers have issued statements ahead of Marine Day, which falls on the third Monday of July. Abe’s message strongly reflects his conservative views on security issues.

Yoshihiko Noda, Abe’s predecessor, stopped short of using such strong expressions as “provocations” and “changes to the status quo predicated by force” when he issued his Marine Day statement last year.

THE ASAHI SHIMBUN

http://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/96_abe/discource/20130712uminohi.html(こちらが実際の日本語でのメッセージです。)

  1. to不定詞の前のfor~は不定詞の主語役です。forの位置は必ず不定詞の直前です。たとえ不定詞の熟語"enogh to"や"in order to"等になってもこの関係は優先されます。例えば"It is big enough for him to eat.""She needed to buy it in order for me to do my work."
  2. これらは分詞構文です。分詞構文は分詞が接続詞付きの意味を表します。また意味をはっきりさせるために接続詞を付けて分詞構文を使う場合もあります。接続詞whileの時はこの形が多く使われます

maritime 海の、海運の
interests 利害、利益
dispute ~を議論する
provocation 挑発
territorial waters 領海 ※waters(waterの複数)は海域
by name 名前で
vessel 船
encroach 侵入する
uphold 展開する
status quo 現状(維持)
successive 歴代の、継続する
fall on ~に当たる


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Malala Yousafzai

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B5X70VyjU0g

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-23282662
BBCからです。先日マララ・ユサフザイが国連本部で演説をしました。彼女は2012年10月9日通っていた中学校から帰宅途中に複数の男に銃撃され頭部と首に2発の銃弾を受けました。銃撃された理由は、ターリバーンによる女子校の破壊活動を批判、女性への教育の必要性や平和を訴える活動をしたためです。彼女はまだ15歳です。
今回は英文解説はしません。スピーチも比較的聞きやすいと思います。

Shot Pakistan schoolgirl Malala Yousafzai addresses UN
12 July 2013 Last updated at 15:02 GMT

Malala Yousafzai, the Pakistani girl shot by the Taliban, has told the UN that books and pens scare extremists, as she urged education for all.

Speaking on her 16th birthday, Malala said efforts to silence her had failed.

She was shot in the head on a school bus by Taliban gunmen because of her campaign for girls' rights.

The speech at the UN headquarters in New York was her first public address since last October's incident in Pakistan's north-western Swat valley.

Malala has been credited with bringing the issue of women's education to global attention. A quarter of young women around the world have not completed primary school.

'Afraid of women'

After the shooting, Malala was flown from Pakistan to the UK for treatment, and now lives in Birmingham, England.

Amid several standing ovations, Malala told the UN on Friday that the Taliban's attack had only made her more resolute.

"The terrorists thought that they would change my aims and stop my ambitions," she said, "but nothing changed in my life, except this: weakness, fear and hopelessness died. Strength, power and courage was born."

She continued: "I want education for the sons and daughters of the Taliban and all the terrorists and extremists."

Malala - who is considered a contender for the Nobel Peace Prize - said she was fighting for the rights of women because "they are the ones who suffer the most".

"The extremists were, and they are, afraid of books and pens," added Malala, who was wearing a pink shawl that belonged to assassinated Pakistan leader Benazir Bhutto. "They are afraid of women."

She called on politicians to take urgent action to ensure every child has the right to go to school.

中略

Unesco and Save the Children released a special reported ahead of Malala's speech.

It found that 95% of the 28.5 million children who are not getting a primary school education live in low and lower-middle income countries: 44% in sub-Saharan Africa, 19% in south and west Asia and 14% in the Arab states.

Girls make up 55% of the total and are often the victims of rape and other sexual violence that accompanies armed conflicts.

addresses 演説する
extremist 過激派
urge 強く勧める
silence 沈黙させる
be credited with ~と信じられている
contender 競争者
assassinate 暗殺する
accompany ~を伴う


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Barking Up The Family Tree: American Dogs Have Surprising Genetic Roots

http://www.npr.org/2013/07/10/200498354/barking-up-the-family-tree-american-dogs-have-surprising-genetic-roots
nprからです。昨今日本ではチワワはペットとして大人気ですね。そしてチワワは純粋なアメリカ種の血統を保っているようです。私も犬と猫を飼うのが往年の夢です。犬は大人しいラブラドールのような大型種、猫は黒い子猫がいい :oops:です。

dogorginschihuahua

Barking Up The Family Tree: American Dogs Have Surprising Genetic Roots
by RHITU CHATTERJEE July 10, 2013 5:29 PM

America is as much1 of a melting pot for dogs as1 it is for their human friends. Walk through any dog park and you'll find a range of breeds from Europe, Asia, even Australia and mutts and mixes of every kind.

But a few indigenous breeds in North America have a purer pedigree — at least one has genetic roots in the continent that stretch back 1,000 years or more, according to a new study. These modern North American breeds 2 including that current urban darling, the Chihuahua2 descended from the continent's original canine inhabitants and have not mixed much with European breeds.

"There is ... archaeological and historical evidence that the native peoples of the Americas had dogs," says Peter Savolainen, an evolutionary geneticist at the KTH-Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm and an author of the new study3. When humans first came to the Americas from Asia, they're thought to have brought with them dogs, whose descendants populated North and South America for centuries.

But those dogs didn't fare too well once Christopher Columbus got here. "It's known that most of these dogs were eradicated when Europeans arrived in America," says Savolainen. Pathogens the Europeans brought killed humans and dogs alike4, he says.

Any canines that survived are thought to have interbred with European dogs over time. Most researchers have assumed that today's dogs would have little5 trace of their ancient American ancestry.

To find out if that was indeed the case, Savolainen and his colleagues looked at the mitochondrial DNA of a handful of modern breeds with indigenous origins. Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from the mother and remains relatively unchanged over generations. By looking at the mitochondrial DNA sequence, one can get a peek at the ancient maternal ancestry. "You can go back in time as far as tens of thousands of years," Savolainen says.

He and his colleagues looked in particular at the maternal lineage of the Inuit sled dog, the Alaskan malamute, the Greenland dog, the Chihuahua, the Xoloitzcuintli (Mexican hairless dog), Perro Sín Pelo del Peru (Peruvian hairless dog) and a range of strays from North and South America. The scientists compared the DNA sequences of these dogs with those of hundreds of dogs from Europe and Asia.

Savolainen expected to find a strong European influence on these breeds, but he was surprised.

Except for some of the stray dogs and the Alaskan malamute, "they have very little5 influence of European dogs in these breeds," he says. "So they have been kept pretty pure."

When he and his team compared the sequences of the relatively6 unchanged breeds with those of 19 ancient dog sequences found across the two American continents, he was even more surprised. One breed — the Chihuahua — had a portion of DNA that was an exact match to that of an ancient dog.

"We have exactly the same unique DNA type in Mexico 1,000 years ago and in modern Chihuahua," Savolainen says. This suggests that at least this particular breed had genetic roots stretching back before the arrival of Europeans.

In addition, most American breeds in the study had a lot in common with present-day dogs from East Asia, he says. This genetic similarity is because the indigenous American breeds descended from the first dogs that traveled from Asia to the Americas.

Maternal ancestry, of course, can't tell the whole story, Savolainen says, and mitochondria trace the genetic lineage only through mothers.

But the evidence does show many modern North American dogs continue to carry a significant genetic signature from their distant past, he says. And that means that, like distinct languages, they're very much the products of the indigenous human cultures that created the breeds.

"These are [a] remaining part of the indigenous cultures — the Indian and Inuit culture — in America," Savolainen says. "And that makes it more important that these populations ... are preserved."

それでは英文の注意点を見ていきましょう。水色のマーカーに数字が附ってある部分がポイントです。下線付きの単語は下に意味を書いておきました。

  1. "as much A as B"は「Bと同じくらいの量のA」という比較級の熟語です。比較級の熟語はこの他にも沢山あります。しかも比較級の熟語は同じような単語ばかり出てくるので非常に混同しやすいです。更にその割には実際の長文にはさほどは出てこない :(。一生懸命覚えても苦労があまり報われない。しかし、それはそれ。TOEICで800以上を目指すつもりならしっかり覚えましょう。
  2. ここはハイフンを使った挿入句です。挿入句を読むときのコツはハイフン部は無視してその前と後ろで文をつなげて読みましょう。それに意味的にハイフン部分が加わると考えればいいでしょう。この場合なら、"These modern North American breeds descended from the continent's original..."「これらの近代北アメリカ種は大陸のオリジナル種からの系統をひいている...例えば現状の都市犬、可愛いチワワのように...」となるわけです。
  3. Peter Savolainenという人をコンマ以下が全部説明しているだけです。論文やニュースなどでは客観性を重視するために人物を紹介した時はかなり長く説明されます。しかし本文内容とはあまり関係ない時が多いので、そういうものだということを知っておきましょう。
  4. "Pathogens the Europeans brought killed humans and dogs alike"この文のメインの動詞が分かるでしょうか?
    そう、killedです。pathogens(病原菌)の後ろに関係代名詞whichが隠れています。そしてその関係代名詞節はbroughtで終わってしまっています。後ろには"A and B alike"「AもBも同様に」という熟語があります。よって訳は「ヨーロッパ人が運んできた病原菌は人間と同様に犬も殺した」となります。メインの動詞をしっかりと把握しましょう
  5. aのついていないlittleは「ほとんど~ない」という否定語句です。aのついていないfewも同じです。いつも意識して訳しましょう。
  6. このrelativelyは「ひかくてき」です。副詞を知ることは中級以上の英語学習では非常に大切です。副詞はなるべく簡潔に訳すことです。勿論わざと難しい言葉ではったりを噛ましたい...なんてときもあるでしょうが、自分で訳して意味が分からないのでは困ります。例えば
    alternatively ⇒×「二者択一的に」 ○「あるいは」
    arguably  ⇒×「議論の余地はあるが」 ○「おそらく」
    exclusively  ⇒×「排他的に」 ○「もっぱら」
    relatively  ⇒×「相対的に」 ○「ひかくてき」
    virtually  ⇒×「仮想現実的に」 ○「ほぼ」

barking up the family tree "bark up the wrong tree"「見当違いをする:猟犬が間違った気を吠えたことから」と懸けてあります。
melting pot (人種の)るつぼ
breed 種族
mutt 犬っころ
pedigree 血統
darling 可愛い人
descended from ~の血をひく
canine 犬、犬歯
descendant 子孫、末裔
populate ~に生息させる
fare やっていく
eradicate 全滅させる
pathogen 病原体
interbreed 異種交配する
DNA sequence DNA配列
as far as はるか~
tens of thousands 何万も
lineage 血統、血筋
Inuit  イヌイット
sled dog そり犬
malamute マラミュート犬
except for ~以外
in common with ~と共通


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