{"id":815,"date":"2013-07-12T14:48:37","date_gmt":"2013-07-12T05:48:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/a-priori.org\/wordpress\/?p=815"},"modified":"2014-05-27T23:08:45","modified_gmt":"2014-05-27T14:08:45","slug":"barking-up-the-family-tree-american-dogs-have-surprising-genetic-roots","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/a-priori.org\/wordpress\/2013\/07\/12\/815","title":{"rendered":"Barking Up The Family Tree: American Dogs Have Surprising Genetic Roots"},"content":{"rendered":"

http:\/\/www.npr.org\/2013\/07\/10\/200498354\/barking-up-the-family-tree-american-dogs-have-surprising-genetic-roots<\/a>
\nnpr<\/a>\u304b\u3089\u3067\u3059\u3002\u6628\u4eca\u65e5\u672c\u3067\u306f\u30c1\u30ef\u30ef\u306f\u30da\u30c3\u30c8\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5927\u4eba\u6c17\u3067\u3059\u306d\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u30c1\u30ef\u30ef\u306f\u7d14\u7c8b\u306a\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u7a2e\u306e\u8840\u7d71\u3092\u4fdd\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3088\u3046\u3067\u3059\u3002\u79c1\u3082\u72ac\u3068\u732b\u3092\u98fc\u3046\u306e\u304c\u5f80\u5e74\u306e\u5922\u3067\u3059\u3002\u72ac\u306f\u5927\u4eba\u3057\u3044\u30e9\u30d6\u30e9\u30c9\u30fc\u30eb\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5927\u578b\u7a2e\u3001\u732b\u306f\u9ed2\u3044\u5b50\u732b\u304c\u3044\u3044 :oops:\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n

\"dogorginschihuahua\"<\/p>\n

Barking Up The Family Tree<\/span>: American Dogs Have Surprising Genetic Roots<\/em><\/strong>
\n by\u00a0RHITU CHATTERJEE July 10, 2013\u00a05:29 PM<\/em><\/p>\n

America is <\/span>as much1<\/sup><\/span>\u00a0of a melting pot<\/span> for dogs as1<\/sup><\/span> it is for their human friends<\/span>. Walk through any dog park and you'll find a range of breeds<\/span> from Europe, Asia, even Australia and mutts<\/span> and mixes of every kind.<\/em><\/p>\n

But a few indigenous breeds in North America have a purer pedigree<\/span> \u2014 at least one has genetic roots in the continent that stretch back 1,000 years or more, according to a new study. These modern North American breeds \u20142<\/sup> including that current urban darling<\/span>, the Chihuahua<\/span> \u20142<\/sup><\/span> descended from<\/span> the continent's original canine<\/span> inhabitants and have not mixed much with European breeds.<\/em><\/p>\n

\"There is ... archaeological and historical evidence that the native peoples of the Americas had dogs,\" says Peter Savolainen, an evolutionary geneticist at the KTH-Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm and an author of the new study3<\/sup><\/span>. When humans first came to the Americas from Asia, they're thought to have brought with them dogs, whose descendants<\/span> populated<\/span> North and South America for centuries.<\/em><\/p>\n

But those dogs didn't fare<\/span> too well once Christopher Columbus got here. \"It's known that most of these dogs were eradicated<\/span> when Europeans arrived in America,\" says Savolainen. Pathogens<\/span> the Europeans brought killed humans and dogs alike4<\/sup>,<\/span> he says.<\/em><\/p>\n

Any canines that survived are thought to have interbred<\/span> with European dogs over time. Most researchers have assumed that today's dogs would have little5<\/sup><\/span> trace of their ancient American ancestry.<\/em><\/p>\n

To find out if that was indeed the case, Savolainen and his colleagues looked at the mitochondrial DNA of a handful of modern breeds with indigenous origins. Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from the mother and remains relatively unchanged over generations. By looking at the mitochondrial DNA sequence<\/span>, one can get a peek at the ancient maternal ancestry. \"You can go back in time as far as<\/span> tens of thousands<\/span> of years,\" Savolainen says.<\/em><\/p>\n

He and his colleagues looked in particular at the maternal lineage<\/span> of the Inuit<\/span> sled dog<\/span>, the Alaskan malamute<\/span>, the Greenland dog, the Chihuahua, the Xoloitzcuintli (Mexican hairless dog), Perro S\u00edn Pelo del Peru (Peruvian hairless dog) and a range of strays from North and South America. The scientists compared the DNA sequences of these dogs with those of hundreds of dogs from Europe and Asia.<\/em><\/p>\n

Savolainen expected to find a strong European influence on these breeds, but he was surprised.<\/em><\/p>\n

Except for<\/span> some of the stray dogs and the Alaskan malamute, \"they have very little5<\/sup><\/span> influence of European dogs in these breeds,\" he says. \"So they have been kept pretty pure.\"<\/em><\/p>\n

When he and his team compared the sequences of the relatively6<\/sup><\/span> unchanged breeds with those of 19 ancient dog sequences found across the two American continents, he was even more surprised. One breed \u2014 the Chihuahua \u2014 had a portion of DNA that was an exact match to that of an ancient dog.<\/em><\/p>\n

\"We have exactly the same unique DNA type in Mexico 1,000 years ago and in modern Chihuahua,\" Savolainen says. This suggests that at least this particular breed had genetic roots stretching back before the arrival of Europeans.<\/em><\/p>\n

In addition, most American breeds in the study had a lot in common with<\/span> present-day dogs from East Asia, he says. This genetic similarity is because the indigenous American breeds descended from the first dogs that traveled from Asia to the Americas.<\/em><\/p>\n

Maternal ancestry, of course, can't tell the whole story, Savolainen says, and mitochondria trace the genetic lineage only through mothers.<\/em><\/p>\n

But the evidence does show many modern North American dogs continue to carry a significant genetic signature from their distant past, he says. And that means that, like distinct languages, they're very much the products of the indigenous human cultures that created the breeds.<\/em><\/p>\n

\"These are [a] remaining part of the indigenous cultures \u2014 the Indian and Inuit culture \u2014 in America,\" Savolainen says. \"And that makes it more important that these populations ... are preserved.\"<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u305d\u308c\u3067\u306f\u82f1\u6587\u306e\u6ce8\u610f\u70b9\u3092\u898b\u3066\u3044\u304d\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002\u6c34\u8272\u306e\u30de\u30fc\u30ab\u30fc<\/span>\u306b\u6570\u5b57\u304c\u9644\u3063\u3066\u3042\u308b\u90e8\u5206\u304c\u30dd\u30a4\u30f3\u30c8\u3067\u3059\u3002\u4e0b\u7dda\u4ed8\u304d\u306e\u5358\u8a9e\u306f\u4e0b\u306b\u610f\u5473\u3092\u66f8\u3044\u3066\u304a\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \"as much A as B\"\u306f\u300cB\u3068\u540c\u3058\u304f\u3089\u3044\u306e\u91cf\u306eA\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6bd4\u8f03\u7d1a\u306e\u719f\u8a9e\u3067\u3059<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u6bd4\u8f03\u7d1a\u306e\u719f\u8a9e\u306f\u3053\u306e\u4ed6\u306b\u3082\u6ca2\u5c71\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3082\u6bd4\u8f03\u7d1a\u306e\u719f\u8a9e\u306f\u540c\u3058\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5358\u8a9e\u3070\u304b\u308a\u51fa\u3066\u304f\u308b\u306e\u3067\u975e\u5e38\u306b\u6df7\u540c\u3057\u3084\u3059\u3044\u3067\u3059\u3002\u66f4\u306b\u305d\u306e\u5272\u306b\u306f\u5b9f\u969b\u306e\u9577\u6587\u306b\u306f\u3055\u307b\u3069\u306f\u51fa\u3066\u3053\u306a\u3044 :(\u3002\u4e00\u751f\u61f8\u547d\u899a\u3048\u3066\u3082\u82e6\u52b4\u304c\u3042\u307e\u308a\u5831\u308f\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u305d\u308c\u3002TOEIC\u3067800\u4ee5\u4e0a\u3092\u76ee\u6307\u3059\u3064\u3082\u308a\u306a\u3089\u3057\u3063\u304b\u308a\u899a\u3048\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002<\/li>\n
  2. \u3053\u3053\u306f\u30cf\u30a4\u30d5\u30f3\u3092\u4f7f\u3063\u305f\u633f\u5165\u53e5\u3067\u3059\u3002\u633f\u5165\u53e5\u3092\u8aad\u3080\u3068\u304d\u306e\u30b3\u30c4\u306f\u30cf\u30a4\u30d5\u30f3\u90e8\u306f\u7121\u8996\u3057\u3066\u305d\u306e\u524d\u3068\u5f8c\u308d\u3067\u6587\u3092\u3064\u306a\u3052\u3066\u8aad\u307f\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306b\u610f\u5473\u7684\u306b\u30cf\u30a4\u30d5\u30f3\u90e8\u5206\u304c\u52a0\u308f\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u308c\u3070\u3044\u3044\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5834\u5408\u306a\u3089\u3001\"These modern North American breeds\u00a0descended from\u00a0the continent's original...\"\u300c\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u8fd1\u4ee3\u5317\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u7a2e\u306f\u5927\u9678\u306e\u30aa\u30ea\u30b8\u30ca\u30eb\u7a2e\u304b\u3089\u306e\u7cfb\u7d71\u3092\u3072\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b...\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u73fe\u72b6\u306e\u90fd\u5e02\u72ac\u3001\u53ef\u611b\u3044\u30c1\u30ef\u30ef\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b...\u300d\u3068\u306a\u308b\u308f\u3051\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/li>\n
  3. Peter Savolainen\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4eba\u3092\u30b3\u30f3\u30de\u4ee5\u4e0b\u304c\u5168\u90e8\u8aac\u660e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3060\u3051\u3067\u3059\u3002\u8ad6\u6587\u3084\u30cb\u30e5\u30fc\u30b9\u306a\u3069\u3067\u306f\u5ba2\u89b3\u6027\u3092\u91cd\u8996\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u4eba\u7269\u3092\u7d39\u4ecb\u3057\u305f\u6642\u306f\u304b\u306a\u308a\u9577\u304f\u8aac\u660e\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u672c\u6587\u5185\u5bb9\u3068\u306f\u3042\u307e\u308a\u95a2\u4fc2\u306a\u3044\u6642\u304c\u591a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u3001\u305d\u3046\u3044\u3046\u3082\u306e\u3060\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3092\u77e5\u3063\u3066\u304a\u304d\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002<\/li>\n
  4. \"Pathogens\u00a0the Europeans brought killed humans and dogs alike\"\u3053\u306e\u6587\u306e\u30e1\u30a4\u30f3\u306e\u52d5\u8a5e\u304c\u5206\u304b\u308b\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\uff1f
    \u305d\u3046\u3001killed\u3067\u3059\u3002pathogens\uff08\u75c5\u539f\u83cc\uff09\u306e\u5f8c\u308d\u306b\u95a2\u4fc2\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5ewhich\u304c\u96a0\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u305d\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u4ee3\u540d\u8a5e\u7bc0\u306fbrought\u3067\u7d42\u308f\u3063\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u5f8c\u308d\u306b\u306f\"A and B alike\"\u300cA\u3082B\u3082\u540c\u69d8\u306b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u719f\u8a9e\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3088\u3063\u3066\u8a33\u306f\u300c\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u4eba\u304c\u904b\u3093\u3067\u304d\u305f\u75c5\u539f\u83cc\u306f\u4eba\u9593\u3068\u540c\u69d8\u306b\u72ac\u3082\u6bba\u3057\u305f\u300d\u3068\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30e1\u30a4\u30f3\u306e\u52d5\u8a5e\u3092\u3057\u3063\u304b\u308a\u3068\u628a\u63e1\u3057\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046<\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/li>\n
  5. a\u306e\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044little\u306f\u300c\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\uff5e\u306a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5426\u5b9a\u8a9e\u53e5\u3067\u3059<\/span><\/strong>\u3002a\u306e\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044few\u3082\u540c\u3058\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3044\u3064\u3082\u610f\u8b58\u3057\u3066\u8a33\u3057\u307e\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002<\/li>\n
  6. \u3053\u306erelatively\u306f\u300c\u3072\u304b\u304f\u3066\u304d\u300d\u3067\u3059\u3002\u526f\u8a5e\u3092\u77e5\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u4e2d\u7d1a\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u82f1\u8a9e\u5b66\u7fd2\u3067\u306f\u975e\u5e38\u306b\u5927\u5207\u3067\u3059\u3002\u526f\u8a5e\u306f\u306a\u308b\u3079\u304f\u7c21\u6f54\u306b\u8a33\u3059<\/span><\/strong>\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3059\u3002\u52ff\u8ad6\u308f\u3056\u3068\u96e3\u3057\u3044\u8a00\u8449\u3067\u306f\u3063\u305f\u308a\u3092\u565b\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3044...\u306a\u3093\u3066\u3068\u304d\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304c\u3001\u81ea\u5206\u3067\u8a33\u3057\u3066\u610f\u5473\u304c\u5206\u304b\u3089\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u306f\u56f0\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070
    \nalternatively \u21d2\u00d7<\/span>\u300c\u4e8c\u8005\u629e\u4e00\u7684\u306b\u300d\u3000\u25cb\u300c\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u300d<\/span><\/strong>
    \n arguably\u00a0\u00a0\u21d2\u00d7\u300c\u8b70\u8ad6\u306e\u4f59\u5730\u306f\u3042\u308b\u304c\u300d\u3000\u25cb\u300c\u304a\u305d\u3089\u304f\u300d<\/span><\/strong>
    \n exclusively\u00a0 \u21d2\u00d7\u300c\u6392\u4ed6\u7684\u306b\u300d\u3000\u25cb\u300c\u3082\u3063\u3071\u3089\u300d<\/span><\/strong>
    \n relatively\u00a0 \u21d2\u00d7\u300c\u76f8\u5bfe\u7684\u306b\u300d\u3000\u25cb\u300c\u3072\u304b\u304f\u3066\u304d\u300d<\/span><\/strong>
    \n virtually\u00a0 \u21d2\u00d7\u300c\u4eee\u60f3\u73fe\u5b9f\u7684\u306b\u300d\u3000\u25cb\u300c\u307b\u307c\u300d<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    barking up the family tree\u3000\"bark up the wrong tree\"\u300c\u898b\u5f53\u9055\u3044\u3092\u3059\u308b\uff1a\u731f\u72ac\u304c\u9593\u9055\u3063\u305f\u6c17\u3092\u5420\u3048\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304b\u3089\u300d\u3068\u61f8\u3051\u3066\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002
    \nmelting pot\u3000\uff08\u4eba\u7a2e\u306e\uff09\u308b\u3064\u307c
    \nbreed\u3000\u7a2e\u65cf
    \nmutt\u3000\u72ac\u3063\u3053\u308d
    \npedigree\u3000\u8840\u7d71
    \ndarling\u3000\u53ef\u611b\u3044\u4eba
    \ndescended from\u3000\uff5e\u306e\u8840\u3092\u3072\u304f
    \ncanine\u3000\u72ac\u3001\u72ac\u6b6f
    \ndescendant\u3000\u5b50\u5b6b\u3001\u672b\u88d4
    \npopulate\u3000\uff5e\u306b\u751f\u606f\u3055\u305b\u308b
    \nfare\u3000\u3084\u3063\u3066\u3044\u304f
    \neradicate\u3000\u5168\u6ec5\u3055\u305b\u308b
    \npathogen\u3000\u75c5\u539f\u4f53
    \ninterbreed\u3000\u7570\u7a2e\u4ea4\u914d\u3059\u308b
    \nDNA sequence\u3000DNA\u914d\u5217
    \nas far as\u3000\u306f\u308b\u304b\uff5e
    \ntens of thousands\u3000\u4f55\u4e07\u3082
    \nlineage\u3000\u8840\u7d71\u3001\u8840\u7b4b
    \nInuit \u3000\u30a4\u30cc\u30a4\u30c3\u30c8
    \nsled dog\u3000\u305d\u308a\u72ac
    \n<\/span>malamute\u3000\u30de\u30e9\u30df\u30e5\u30fc\u30c8\u72ac
    \nexcept for\u3000~\u4ee5\u5916
    \nin common with\u3000\uff5e\u3068\u5171\u901a<\/p>\n

    0<\/span><\/a><\/div> <\/div>
    <\/div><\/div>
    <\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    http:\/\/www.npr.org\/2013\/07\/10\/200498354\/barking-up-the-…<\/p>\n

    Read more →<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[92,88,87],"class_list":["post-815","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-english","tag-adverbs","tag-grammar-tips","tag-interpreting-an-english-text","wpautop"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/a-priori.org\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/815","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/a-priori.org\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/a-priori.org\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/a-priori.org\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/a-priori.org\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=815"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/a-priori.org\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/815\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1807,"href":"https:\/\/a-priori.org\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/815\/revisions\/1807"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/a-priori.org\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=815"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/a-priori.org\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=815"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/a-priori.org\/wordpress\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=815"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}